His-torically relevant conclusions about the construction details and the sources used in the compilation of the charts were drawn. The analysis revealed the coexistence of two distinct cartographic models in the nautical cartography of the time: the ‘portolan-chart’ model, based on magnetic directions and estimated distances, used to represent the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and Western Europe and the ‘latitude chart’ model, based on astronomically-observed latitudes, used to represent Brazil and Africa.
#DARK AND LIGHT TAMING VISIOUS HYENA FULL#
Five Portuguese charts from circa 1471 to 1504 were analyzed using the full set of techniques mentioned above. The methodology of cartometric analysis proposed in the thesis proved to be effective and accurate. João de Castro in 15, and a recent geomagnetic model. To estimate the spatial distribution of the magnetic declination in various times two sources were used: the historical observations made by D. A numerical model was devel-oped using the concept of ‘multimensional scaling’, here generalized to distances and directions measured on a spherical Earth, to simulate the main geometric features of the charts.
#DARK AND LIGHT TAMING VISIOUS HYENA SERIES#
The suggested approach involves the application of a series of cartometric techniques: georeferenc-ing, on the basis of a sample of control points of known geographic coordinates the interpolation of the geographical graticules implicit to the representations the assessment of scales of distance and latitude the assessment of the navigational accura-cy, by comparing the latitudes, directions and distances measured on the charts with the corresponding exact values, affected by magnetic declination and the identifica-tion of the routes underlying the charts’ construction. In this thesis a methodology for the systematic geometric analysis and modeling of pre-Mercator nautical charts is proposed and tested, aiming at contributing to better understand their geometric properties and methods of construction.
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